Canadian Culture vs American Culture Essay - 1868 Words

Although Canada and the United States share the same continent, they are divided by their unique ideas and views. After WWI ,Canada broke its ties with Britain and new independent nation was born with a unique culture. This new culture developed through the Canadian citizens. As a Canadian citizen, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie helped achieve autonomy from Britain and solidify national unity at home. Canadian inventor ,Fredrick Banting ,maintained his culture as Canadian and contributed to the world through his invention of insulin. Many artists, authors, actors , actresses and athletes have played their part in Canadian culture. During the 1920s and 1930s, Canada asserted independence from Britain and the United States to develop†¦show more content†¦Finally ,Canada achieved its goals as an independent and unique culture. Canadian and American cultural views were different which was proved because one is multicultural and the other is not. Canada was known as  "mosaic† which means immigrants from any ethnic group were accepted here and were allowed to practice their religion. Therefore, they have a double identity ,meaning they are their ethnic group before a Canadian citizen as in Japanese-Canadian, Asian Canadian and so on . Whereas ,American culture was known as the â€Å"melting pot â€Å", where they accept other cultures however they encouraged their citizens to give up their original culture ( Wells ,10 and 11 ). Canadian’s usually describe themselves as â€Å"NOT AMERICANâ€Å"(Wells,35) . Many Americans view Canada as a positive nation and as a better environment to live in then the United States . A legal sectary from Gastonia ,North Carolina said â€Å"Canada’s such a terrific place, I’d move there tomorrow if I could† (Wells, 35). This proves that Americans want to come to Canada since it is a safer environment due to it’s unique culture. Canadians are recognized as more modest, les s aggressive and more down to earth then their southern neighbors (Wells,35). Canadian inventors contribute to the Canadian culture through their successful discoveries. A famous inventor ,Fredrick Banting was the firstShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Regional Division Is One Of A Kind1114 Words   |  5 Pagesstrength that regionalism holds in Canada, the occurrences and institutions in action that form the regions must be examined. Canada was created with the cooperation of three nations and cultures together: the Aboriginal peoples, French settlers, and English settlers. All three of these people(s) had vastly different cultures and ideals at the beginning of the nation in Canada. As â€Å"Federalism is at once a vehicle for accommodation; a way of reconciling the minority nations and groups to the larger wholeRead MoreEssay about The Americanization Of Canada676 Words   |  3 Pages When we talk about a countrys social identity, we examine a few areas. First is the media, which is constantly bombarding Canadians with images and values of American culture. Through the images we see Americans constantly fighting, either in aspects of global policing in their own backyard with Americans killing Americans. Through situation comedies and news we Canadians are hit with a whole other value system not of our own, saying its okay to fight to solve our differences. The second aspectRead MoreCase Study 2 Hollywood1665 Words   |  7 Pages Case Study-Hollywood Influence on Global Culture 1. Most aspects of foreign culture, like language, religion, gender roles, and problem-solving strategies, are hard for the casual observer to understand. In what ways do Hollywood movies affect national culture outside the United States? What aspects of U.S. culture do Hollywood films promote around the world? Can you observe any positive effects of Hollywood movies on world cultures? 2. Culture plays a key role in business. In what ways haveRead MoreCollective Rights963 Words   |  4 PagesGrade 9A | | Define Collective Rights * Collective rights are rights Canadians hold because they belong to one of several groups in society. They are rights held by groups (peoples) in Canadian society that are recognized and protected by Canada’s constitution. Those groups include Aboriginals, Francophones and Anglophones. * Collective rights are different than individual rights. Every Canadian citizen and permanent resident has individual rights under the Charter of Rights andRead MoreLeo Burnett Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesadapt the television ads and retake photos for the print ads with an Asian model. The Toronto team would use English television ads and print advertising for the Canadian market. Furthermore, they would produce direct marketing and Web site materials. In short, the Toronto Team had less autonomy, and was not able to adapt to the Canadian market. The results showed the Forever Young launch in Taiwan was successful. While the results of the launch in Canada was below â€Å"action standards†, in spite ofRead MoreProblems Faced by Brazil and South Africa1296 Words   |  5 Pageshealthy, less educated, poorer, and less powerful than others from different races, particularly whites. Furthermore, there are some major divisions in countrys city of Salvador with more than 75 percent of being people of the African decent whose culture and religion are mainstream in the region. These divisions are characterized with racial prejudices that have resulted in many people living in crushing inequalities on a daily basis. Racial Divisions in South Africa: South Africa is still a dividedRead MoreMultidimensional Framework Proposed By Rockquemore And Colleagues1237 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation were biracial individuals with one White parent. The accessible population was Canadian and American biracial individuals with one White parent. The actual sample of participants, were 122 Canadian and American biracial individuals with one white parent that completed an online survey. The sample included 71 Canadians and 45 Americans meaning the results may be bias in respect of the Canadian culture. A large enough sample to generalize the data to all multiracial individuals was not usedRead MoreEssay about The Best Places Ive Ever Visited601 Words   |  3 PagesI have visited a lot of places around the world. Traveling is fun to me and its very interesting to me. Looking to learn more history about countries with their cultures trying new things around their culture their past because if you wanna look at the future of somthing look at th e past. Lets start out with my favorite place my homeland Bosnia. I went there so far 4 times in my life 2000 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010. The reason I visit there is too see my Grandmother’s and Grandfather’s grave. I seeRead MoreThe Gilded Age : A Powerhouse Rose From The Ashes Of The Civil War871 Words   |  4 Pagesclass was swiftly covered in cash, and an exclusive culture commenced to grow around luxurious goods. Politics seen a change in the late 19th century when the Populist movement entered the ring. â€Å"It was the Farmers Alliance that was the core of the great movement of the 1880s and 1890s later known as the Populist Movement.† (Zinn). The Populist Party was against businesses whose practices were biased. You can describe Populist vs Progressives as Rural vs Urban. â€Å"Now, as a political party, they becameRead More Abusing the Force Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesleads to an insular and close-knit occupational culture that results in a strong distinction between members of the police and society. An in-depth investigation on police brutalization and its causes of corrupting within the 1991 beating of Rodney King is evaluated by means of the credibility within the rights of citizens in Canada and the United States, the effects from prejudice affliction, and the societal disparagement on morals of the cultures in policing. Corruption is both a result and

The Humanization of a Monster - 1460 Words

The first moment within Frankenstein where the narration shifted was when Victor allowed the monster to tell him the story about all of his experiences up to that point. He starts by telling Victor about his realization that all humans shared a mutual hatred and fear of him just based off of his appearance. He also told of how he learned the english language by stalking cottagers and how he found Victor’s documents stating that he hated the monster. The monster swore revenge on all mankind, especially Victor, and admitted to Victor that he murdered his younger brother then framed a friend of Victor’s for it. He ended his tale, hoping that now Victor felt some sympathy for him, by asking Victor to create him a female companion so they could†¦show more content†¦By the end of the scene the monster still did not completely trust Victor and had to monitor him, but he was in a much more pleasant mood since Victor agreed to create him a female companion and that they were able to civilly arrive at a compromise. Victor on the other hand was feeling more frightened about the monster after he portrayed very human qualities, knowing that he could feel things like pain and suffering which could drive anyone to do grotesque deeds (Blumberg). He feared for what may happen in the future, especially if he created a companion for his monster and allowed for two of his unappealing and dangerously powerful monsters out into the world. The monster told Victor of some books that he had acquired while searching in the woods. He tries to describe to Victor the feelings he experienced upon reading them when he said, â€Å"They produced in me and infinity of new images and feelings, that sometimes raised me to ecstasy, but more frequently sunk me into the lowest dejection† (Shelley 127). In this scene the monster directly said that he had feelings, and quite a wide range of them too. He utilized these feelings to come to the decision that he would be happ iest living away from society, which drew him to ask Victor for a companion. Victor saw the monster’s feelings as a detriment since a person’s emotion or mood toward a subject effects the actions they take. The anger that society caused to build upShow MoreRelatedZombies Are Boring : The Zombie Plague1134 Words   |  5 Pagesalmost always remains a constant: zombies are characterized as monsters that have lost their humanity. 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Substance Abuse Driving Under the Influence Free Essays

string(285) " with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals \(NADCP\) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving \(NCADD\), the American Council on Alcoholism Program \(ACAP\) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders\." According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. (â€Å"2004 Traffic Safety†¦ † 2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through education, counseling, and treatment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a gradual but steady decline in fatalities from drunk driving since the 1980s. In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, particularly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders. The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has also been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s. 1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence (DUI) is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions within the United States. The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatory DUI programs, and confiscation of driver’s license for repeated offenders. Some states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the severity of the accident caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. (â€Å"Drunk Driving-United States† 2005) In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0. 08 (i. e. , 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood). In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no â€Å"per se† or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the driver’s faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult. Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer may also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a suspect driver. There are certain standardized FSTs such as the â€Å"Walk and Turn† test, the â€Å"One-leg Stand† and â€Å"Horizontal Gaze Test,† which can reliably determine the level of impairment of an intoxicated driver. (Ibid. ) The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such as: a)Suspension of driver’s license for not less than one year b)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehicles )An assessment of the individual’s degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriate d)Not less than 30 days community service or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (â€Å"Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders† n. d. ) As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to control the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the offenders. Some of these programs are described below: California’s Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Program: California was among the first states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information. A person convicted of a first DUI offense are required to complete a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0. 20 or higher must complete a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, support positive lifestyle changes, and reduce or eliminate the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦ 2004) Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must complete an 18-month multiple offender program. Such programs provide 52 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 6 hours of community reentry monitoring; and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program. A county in California may elect to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i. e. 78 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 120-300 hours of community service; and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦ † 2004) The California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (â€Å"CADDTP†) has been formed to help promote understanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that California’s DUI program network is â€Å"the most inclusive, structured, and complex† and its entire programs are self-supporting through fees paid by participants. They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (â€Å"California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs† n. d. ) Drug Courts for DUI: An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) Program: In collaboration with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders. You read "Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence" in category "Papers" This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on â€Å"hard core† drunk drivers or repeat offenders; therefore it is working for the application of the highly successful drug courts model to cure hardcore drunk drivers of their alcoholism. Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders. Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment process who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress. The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the situation demands. An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic name: naltrexone) for weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (â€Å"Butt County Revia Project,† 2003) The Century Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts directed towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated. The Council’s main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work together effectively to address the problem. The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identification, certain punishment and effective treatment. It conducts research on DUI and has published a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (â€Å"National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project† 2003) There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders. These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process; the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groups–a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems. 4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belief that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery. Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders. Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Programs for rehabilitation that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are: Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer); Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep; Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a dormitory style facility at night; and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (â€Å"Jail Alternatives† 2005) Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers’ attitude towards DUI and by altering their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a driver’s perception of â€Å"the certainty, swiftness and severity of prosecution† for drunk-driving offenses, or by increasing awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid. Some experts believe that the â€Å"moral component† of the laws is much more important than the â€Å"fear factor† of apprehension and punishment in the long-term control of drunk driving. This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, â€Å"On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police. (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved. Hence, DUI laws are more likely to achieve their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. Despite a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still unacceptably high. It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures taken to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed significantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases. How to cite Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence, Papers Substance Abuse Driving Under the Influence Free Essays According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. (â€Å"2004 Traffic Safety†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through education, counseling, and treatment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a gradual but steady decline in fatalities from drunk driving since the 1980s. In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, particularly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders. The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has also been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s.1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence (DUI) is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions within the United States.2 The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatory DUI programs, and confiscation of driver’s license for repeated offenders. Some states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the severity of the accident caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. (â€Å"Drunk Driving-United States† 2005) In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0.08 (i.e., 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood). In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no â€Å"per se† or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the driver’s faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult. Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer may also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a suspect driver. There are certain standardized FSTs such as the â€Å"Walk and Turn† test, the â€Å"One-leg Stand† and â€Å"Horizontal Gaze Test,† which can reliably determine the level of impairment of an intoxicated driver. (Ibid.) The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such as: a)Suspension of driver’s license for not less than one year b)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehicles c)An assessment of the individual’s degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriate d)Not less than 30 days community service or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (â€Å"Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders† n.d.) As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to control the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the offenders. Some of these programs are described below: California’s Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Program: California was among the first states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information. A person convicted of a first DUI offense are required to complete a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0.20 or higher must complete a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, support positive lifestyle changes, and reduce or eliminate the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2004) Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must complete an 18-month multiple offender program. Such programs provide 52 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 6 hours of community reentry monitoring; and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program. A county in California may elect to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i.e., 78 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 120-300 hours of community service; and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2004) The California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (â€Å"CADDTP†) has been formed to help promote understanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that California’s DUI program network is â€Å"the most inclusive, structured, and complex† and its entire programs are self-supporting through fees paid by participants. They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (â€Å"California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs† n.d.) Drug Courts for DUI: An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) Program: In collaboration with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders. This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on â€Å"hard core† drunk drivers or repeat offenders; therefore it is working for the application of the highly successful drug courts model to cure hardcore drunk drivers of their alcoholism. Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders. Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment process who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress. The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the situation demands. (Kavanaugh, 2003). An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic name: naltrexone) for weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (â€Å"Butt County Revia Project,† 2003) The Century Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts directed towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated. The Council’s main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work together effectively to address the problem. The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identification, certain punishment and effective treatment. It conducts research on DUI and has published a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (â€Å"National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project† 2003) There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders. These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process; the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groups–a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems.4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belief that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery. Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders. Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Programs for rehabilitation that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are: Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer); Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep; Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a dormitory style facility at night; and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (â€Å"Jail Alternatives† 2005) Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers’ attitude towards DUI and by altering their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a driver’s perception of â€Å"the certainty, swiftness and severity of prosecution† for drunk-driving offenses, or by increasing awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid.) Some experts believe that the â€Å"moral component† of the laws is much more important than the â€Å"fear factor† of apprehension and punishment in the long-term control of drunk driving. This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, â€Å"On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police.† (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved. Hence, DUI laws are more likely to achieve their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. Despite a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still unacceptably high. It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures taken to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed significantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases. How to cite Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence, Papers

Cocaine Essay Example For Students

Cocaine Essay Cocaine use, even a single experiment, can cost a person their life. It can cause sudden heart irregularities, convulsions, and heart attacks in otherwise young people. This addicting drug originated in the slopes of the Andes from a plant called the coca plant. Cocaine delivers a feeling of power and control better than any drug. Cocaine comes from a plant called the coca plant. It is grown now in Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia where it is refined and sent to the US 1300 years ago the leaves were being chewed by South American Indians. Indians routinely chewed quids of coca leaves to stave off hunger, help them endure cold, and enable them to work longer and harder with little food or rest(Stone 7). Several coca leaves are stuffed into the side of the mouth against the cheek and chewed until a moist liquid forms. This method is still used amongst the population of Peru for the long-lasting effects. Mood elevation, mild stimulation, reduced appetite, and increased physical endurance, are some effects that are experienced by chewing the leaves. In the mid-1800s, physicians became interested in the drugs medicinal potential. Albert Nieman, a Viennese physician, was given credit for finally isolating the active substance from the leaves. The material that he named and produced was the same white, crystalline, odorless powder, cocaine hydrochloride, as that in use today. Doctors in the US and Europe began experimenting with the new drug by dissolving it in water and taken by the teaspoon. Since there was no FDA in those days, and as long as the drug appeared to be safe, doctors freely prescribed it to patients. Sigmund Freud began his famous experiment in early 1884, using himself and several close physician associates as subjects. He published a paper lauding the drugs exhilarating and euphoric effect, and recommended it for medicinal use to alleviate depression, fatigue, and nausea (Youcha and Seixas 18). Cocaine was then suggested by Sigmund Freud to be useful as a local anesthetic because it numbered the tissues to which it was applied (Youcha and Seixas 19). Cocaine then began to be useful in eye surg ery, dentistry and other kings of surgery. Physicians that prescribed this drug to treat headaches, nausea, a common cold, noticed the patients often rapidly developed a dependency on it. By the end of the 1880s Freud and the others he worked with withdrew their support of it and in return increasing reports of dependency and abuse. In 1970, cocaine was classified under Schedule II, s a drug with a legitimate medical use, but also with high potential for abuse and a strong tendency to lead to physical or psychological dependence (Nahas 87). Most of the cocaine sold and consumed in the United States today is cocaine hydrochloride. The cocaine bought and sold outside the medical channels is rarely close to pure. A kilo (2.2 pounds) of raw cocaine paste may sell to a Colombian processor for $350, and after it is refined and smuggled in the United States, the same kilo is $10,000. That kilo for $10,000 could then be spilt into two kilos, stretched with additives and sell each for $30,000. The most common substances used to stretch cocaine are lactose, bonita, caffeine, procaine or lidocaine. The cocaine high offers a short, sweet taste of how we think it must feel to succeed at the American dream in which so many of us believe (Nahas 23). The drug interrupts the normal action of chemicals called neurotransmitters, also known as brain messengers. Its action on the brain results in a marked increase in heart rate, measurable elevation in blood pressure, and constriction of blood vessels (Stone 26). Cocaine also increases the rate of breathing and raises the temperature. Cocaine delivers its high by disturbing the most potentially significant chemical cycles in the brain-those that control our basic state of being. The intoxication of the cocaine high is variable, depending on the general psychological and emotional condition the person using the drug. The emotional texture, the sense of fulfillment, gratification, or happiness, the value of the high is determined by the experience of the user. The enjoyable part of a cocaine high generally lasts from ten minutes to half an hour, depending on the dosage and how the drug is ingested. When the drug begins to wear off, the crash occurs. The crash is relates to feelings of pessimism, irritability, impatience, and depression. Generally, the higher the dose and the faster it gets int o the bloodstream, the greater the crash (Stone 28). People try to alleviate the discomfort of the crash by drinking alcohol, or taking tranquilizers. There are three ways of getting cocaine into the bloodstream and the brain, and each of them has its own sets of dangers. .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 , .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 .postImageUrl , .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 , .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12:hover , .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12:visited , .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12:active { border:0!important; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12:active , .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12 .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6fe94e26735284b9d55d26a651f7fd12:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Every Grain of sand EssaySnorting is the most common technique for injesting cocaine. Users pour the powered cocaine on a mirror, glass, or anything hard, and with a razor blade, or credit card arrange it into thin lines. A rolled bill or straw is used to snort two lines, one in each nostril. The high from snorting comes on in seconds and usually lasts from ten to thirty minutes (Stone 209). Snorting can lead to irritation of the nasal membranes. It can also cause sinus-related headaches. Excessive snorting can lead to painful nasal sores and nosebleeds. If snorting is continued over any length of time, a hole from the septum to the nostril can appear. Cocaine is often rub bed on the lips, tongue, floor of the mouth, and gums. The insides of the eyelids is another place cocaine can be injested. One of the most dangerous ways to take cocaine is by delivering it into the rectum via an enema. This results in an extremely rapid absorption of the drug and a very fast manifestation of its effects (Nahas 79). Some female users place cocaine inside their vaginas. This is often done before of during sex, when the vaginal tissues are filled with blood and the absorption of the drug is especially fast. This is dangerous also. Freebasing involves processing the common white cocaine hydrochloride to rid it of impurities and to release or free the more potent cocaine sulfide base from its hydrochloride bonding (Stone 113). Freebasing involves the drug being cooked in a mixture of sodium hydroxide. The freebase is then smoked in a glass pipe. The freebase melts and vaporizes and the purified cocaine vapors are sucked into the lungs. Since the lungs are the most bloo d-enriched organs in the body, the absorption is instant. The freebaser is then hit with an intense rush of cocaine effects. The rush is gone within two minutes, and the user feels a residual glow for the next ten or twenty minutes (Nahas 23). The crash from freebasing is more severe than it is from snorting. Freebasing has its own side effects. The heated, purified cocaine vapors irritate the tongue, mouth, throat, and the lungs. Over using can result in sore throat and mouth and a swollen tongue. Breathing problems and coughing up black blood can also result if it is smoked. Shooting cocaine is the most direct way to get cocaine into the bloodstream. Injecting is the least common method and very dangerous. Most people do not like to shoot cocaine because of the needles. People shoot cocaine for the rush, the nearly heart-stopping, stunning, orgasmic punch (Nahas 115). The rush lasts from one to three minutes. Skin abscesses, hepatitis, strep infections, blood poisoning, can result. These are all painful, serious, life-threatening illnesses. Cocaine on the streets today is neither pure or sterile; it can contain bacteria or be cut with contaminated or dangerous chemicals. Cocaine is being experienced by 5000 new people a day. Many people love to feel happy, in control and powerful, no one want to feel depressed and unwanted. Those who feel unhappy do chose the wrong way out.

A hope in the unseen essays

A hope in the unseen essays In this Story A Hope in the Unseen we see a young man that has great deal of potential, that is stuck inside a school where it is hard for him to advance as far as a normal student in normal circumstances would. Our main character, Cedric, is constantly put up against odds that are against him, yet he strives to achieve so much in his life. We watch him in this book go through many triumphs and failures that most of us would never imagine having to deal with in our own lives. Cedric main supporter throughout his life is his mother Barbara. She is a very religious and caring mother that has also had many hardships in her life, including the birth of Cedric due to the fact that Cedrics father wanted her to have an abortion. She is the person that always helps Cedric to find the path he needs to be on when Cedric himself lost his way. Another large supporter early on in this book was Cedrics science teacher Mr. Taylor. Mr. Taylor realized the great potential Cedric had academically, but he also knew that Cedric frequently set his goals too high for even himself. Mr. Taylor also encouraged Cedrics growing knowledge by supplementing Cedric with after school tasks and challenges. When Cedric is accepted into the MITES program at MIT after he applied and prayed that he would get in, he put all his focus and hopes in the fact that MIT was the school for him. After getting to MIT and realizing the great difficulty and challenge it presented him, he quickly became discouraged and decided that he did not in fact want to attend MIT. After he returned to Washington D.C. after his MIT visit, Justice Clarence Thomas asked to have a meeting with Cedric in order to discuss his goals. Justice Thomas was very straightforward with Cedric and told him how he felt about Cedrics choices regarding colleges, although some of what Justice Thomas told Cedric was not what Cedric wanted to hear. ...

102 Prejudice and Monsters Professor Ramos Blog

102 Prejudice and Monsters Prejudice Prejudice What is prejudice? Prejudice   preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience. What monster theory can help us better understand prejudice? What one do you see as connected to it? Why does this matter? Superficial vs. Deep Thinking What is the difference? Superficial research vs. Deep Research

Bayes' Theorem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Bayes' Theorem - Essay Example Simon Jackman (2009) defines Bayes’ theorem as ‘a theorem that illustrates conditional probability of the set on the given observed outcome, that is obtained from the knowledge of the probability and its outcome (Jackman, 2009)’. The rules of Bayes’ theorem are based on the basic axioms of probability or conditional probability. It expresses subjective depress of beliefs explaining the repletion through Bayesian statistic fundamental. The mathematical representation of theorem is as follow: Bayesian statistical method provides in depth understanding about the events. The application of theorem is wide in various fields and subjects, such as, science, biology, mathematics, finance etc. The model is applied to determine relation between the events. In the field of finance the Bayesian method is adopted for financial forecasting. One of the major advantages of Bayesian theorem is the consideration that is given to the previous information. The fact is that many statisticians would disregard previous information in order to prove the objectivity of the current statistics. The Bayesian theorem proves objectivity of the statistics by combining both the sets of information. A very significant advantage noted for the usage of Bayesian theorem is that it provides direct probability statement. This is considerably the best way to interpret confidence interval. On comparison, one can easily find out that frequents statistics would imply a number of tools. On the other hand, Bayes ian approach makes use of only one theorem i.e. Bayesian. The fact remains as that Bayesian approach can be used in different situations where most of the tools of frequentist statistics fall short. In the Bayesian theorem, the conditional probability occur on the bases of unconditional probabilities that are derived using a multiplication rules, that is (Prior x Likelihood) that are further divided by the sum of the possible parameters. Posterior in Bayesian theorem can be identified