Visa Company Essay Example for Free

Visa Company Essay Internet shopping is just one of the many types of â€Å"Shopping from Home† (Trading Standards Service, New Jersey, p. 1). The convenience of shopping online had encouraged shopping for airline tickets, computer hardware, books and even stocks and mutual funds. In the United States studies in 1997 showed that Americans spend as much as $5 trillion annually (Strategies Group Inc. , 1998). In another study, Visa Company estimates that 30% of Internet users, corresponding to 18.3 million shoppers will have to shop online in 2002, which mean that it will triple the 1997 figures (Visa, 1996). Visa also found that 25% of Internet users in 2002 have visited websites for shopping purposes while 12% have undergone banking transactions. Relative to percentage of internet shoppers by age group, Strategies Group Inc. estimates that 77% of consumers ages 25 years and below are willing to shop online while 67% pertains to consumers ages 26 to 34 (Strategies Group Inc. 1997). Technology and the globalization trend has made even shopping more convenient to people. These factors have influenced much of the shopping behaviors of consumers and Internet shopping is not an exemption. Several other factors include the following: (1) experience in conventional in-home shopping methods, (2) internet experience, (3) work in the computer branch, (4) convenience factors, (5) uniqueness of the product sold in the Internet, (6) perceived risk and (7) the desire of consumers to experiment (Yankelovich Partners 1996). Aside from these factors, there are studies that show some other factors that are somehow related to the consumer’s Internet shopping behaviors. Time and internet experience according to Network Wizards influence internet shopping behaviors stating that online shoppers are frequently people who spend more time over the Internet or those people who regard Internet surfing as a habit (Network Wizards, 1996). TAKING THE RISKS OF INTERNET SHOPPING The convenience and fun of Internet shopping have corresponding risks that consumers must take and must seriously consider. Because Internet shoppers are required to give their personal information such as name, address, phone numbers, credit card numbers and even Social Security Number (SSN), shoppers are at risk of fraud and identity theft. Our main concern in this paper is to trace back the processes that Internet shoppers undergo before the actual purchase of the product in order to find out where is the loophole located. There have been studies and surveys including criminal records that prove fraud and identity theft to be true. Surveys provided by the Privacy Rights Organization revealed that there are about nine million victims of this crime each year. Studies also show that there are various ways criminals have been using in order to steel one’s identity. They can acquire personal information such as SSNs, driver’s licenses, credit card and ATM numbers including birthdates, addresses and phone numbers that they use to spend the victims’ money without permission. This is done through the process of impersonation. There are two types of identity theft: Account takeover and application fraud (Privacy Rights Clearing House, 2007). Account Takeover happens when the criminal â€Å"acquires your existing credit account information and purchases products and services using either the actual credit card or simply the account number and expiration date. † On the other hand, Application Fraud (true name fraud) happens when the criminal opens new account in your name using your personal information he acquired somewhere. There are several ways by which personal identifications are stolen by these criminals. The website of the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has provided the following information relative to the most common methods by which one’ identity is stolen. One way is called Dumpster Diving wherein criminals may come as scavengers who fish for unshredded credit cards, loan applications and other documents containing personal information such as SSNs in trash bins. Criminals may also steal mails by unlocking mailboxes. They may also other documents in the mailboxes such as issued credit cards and other documents containing vital information relative to one’s identity. Shoulder Surfing can also be one way wherein criminals can acquire PINs by looking over your shoulders while doing business on ATM booths. Finding identifying information on Internet sources, via public records sites and fee-based information broker sites are ways wherein criminals acquire personal data but they remained unnoticed. Criminals also send email messages that look like they are from your bank, asking you to visit a web site that looks like the banks’ in order to confirm account information. This is called phishing. Take note that of the five methods enumerated above, two are related to the use of the Internet. This therefore suggests that Internet shopping, using the fact that the process requires the use of personal identification numbers, is risky. It is therefore important that each Internet user, especially shoppers, have knowledge on the risks of Internet shopping. Moreover it is important that they too have at least the basic knowledge of Internet and email security information. WHAT SHOPPERS SHOULD KNOW ABOUT INTERNET SECURITY There is basic security information that every shopper should be aware about the Internet. Take note that this information is required by websites who are into the business of online retailing. The terminologies that we are going to discuss are defined and described based on the information provided by the Office of the E-Envoy (Security Tips: Beginners’ Guide to Computer Security). One should learn the importance of a password. A password is a code which the website asks in order to have an individual and exclusive access of the site and the account you have created. Passwords may either be a series of numbers, letters or a combination of both. It is basic and a requirement that such password is a secret code that should be exclusively revealed between the user and the company and therefore should not be disclosed or shared to anyone else. A Security Lock Layer (SSL) is a software tool which ensures that information sent to or from a website cannot be viewed during transmission. It uses a public and private key encryption system. Another security tool common in the Internet is the Padlock. There are cases wherein the Internet user comes across with a padlock (a figure displayed as in a real padlock) displayed in the browser. A padlock in the browser suggests that the website is secure since they are using the SSL software. A site in the padlock therefore means that the information you are transferring from your computer to the operating system of the website offers the assurance that they cannot be intercepted by anyone during the transferring process. Each shopper is also advised to look consider only secure browser when doing online shopping. A secure web browser complies with the standard technical security protocols. This compliance gives the website visitors the assurance that the information they provide to the site cannot be viewed by unauthorized persons. Secure web browsers necessarily has the padlock symbol which when double clicked will reveal a â€Å"digital certificate† which confirms that the site is authentic. Needless to say, Internet shoppers should always shop only on authentic websites. Remember that â€Å"phising† is one of the many ways you can be fooled by imposters.

The Segregation for Separate but Equal Essay -- Papers Jim Crow De Jur

The Segregation for Separate but Equal 'Separate but equal' was an expression often used in the early 20th Century to describe segregation - keeping black and white people apart. Segregation was made legal in 1896, but had actually been going on for some time before that. White Americans living in the South (13 states in the Southeast USA) were determined to keep the black population under control. So states in the South passed laws - even though the US is governed by Federal Law, each of the 50 separate states can make their own laws that only affect that state. Southern states such as Texas, Florida and Alabama passed laws between 1870 and 1900 which were known as Jim Crow laws, and kept black and white people apart. The Federal Government in the more powerful North of the country didn't like Jim Crow laws but did nothing stop them. Then on June 7th 1892 a black shoemaker called Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in a white seat on the East Louisiana Railway. He took his case to the State Court, and it eventually went all the way to the Supreme Court, the most powerful court in America. In 1896, Plessy lost again, and at the end of his trial the judge made a very important ruling. He said that segregation laws were acceptable in any state that wanted them, and that separate facilities for whites and blacks were legal - as long as they were equal. So separate was now ok - it just had to be equal. So although 'separate but equal' was now supposed to be the status of black and white Americans, but of course that wasn't usually the case. Almost everything was segregated, there were very few places in the South where black and w... ...heir skin. Homer Plessy, the man who first opposed Jim Crow laws was in fact à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã… ¾ white, but he was deemed below the white man who wanted his seat just because his skin was a little darker. Segregation laws would continue for over 50 years, and until they were abolished, black Americans would always have a lesser existence to whites. They were never thought of as equal to the whites, and the lives they were forced to live by Jim Crow laws were certainly not equal either. One black man summed it up when he said, "In reality a lot of effort was made to keep us separate, but not much was done to make us equal." His words undoubtedly paint a more realistic picture of Jim Crow laws than those of the Supreme Court or President Wilson, and tell us the harsh reality of segregation - they were separate, but definitely not equal.

Bad Nutrition

Food is one of the basic needs of man. From the creation of the world through the medieval ages until this period of globalization, this inevitable need has not left the tables. Besides other needs like shelter and clothing, food is one of the elements of survival. Nutrients available for human actions are obtained from food. As a living thing, man performs such functions as movement, respiration, irritability and response to the environment, growth and development, as well as excretion. Energy is needed for these functions. It is obtained from food.Without food, man starves and eventually dies of starvation. Worst still is a deadly death when he is exposed to bad nutrition. The question is: what is nutrition? What constitutes good nutrition? What is the concept of bad nutrition? What difference is there between good and bad nutrition. What are the effects of bad nutrition on the individual and locality where it is prevalent? What factors promote bad nutrition? What steps can be take n to reduce the incidence of bad nutrition? Definition of concepts Nutrition is the process of obtaining nutrients from the food we eat.It is one of the basic functions of man. Nutrient is obtainable from carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water, roughages and fats and oil. Each of this class of food is indispensable and anything that constitutes an imbalance in its proportion will cause bad nutrition. Good nutrition is when one consumes these classes of food in the right quantity; this implies that it is not too much and not too small. It also included balanced diet; this is ensuring that all classes of food are eaten in a meal session.Each class of food has specific role in the individual: carbohydrates are good sources of energy obtainable from rice, sorghum, yam, wheat, grains. Proteins can be of animal or plant source; they are found in meat, fish, egg, and are the precursors of amino acids, the building blocks of life. Proteins provide the framework for growth and de velopment. Fats and oil are also effective energy sources; while vitamins are useful for metabolism, minerals and water help to maintain homeostasis of electrolytes and fluids within the internal milieu of an individual. Taking each class in every meal in the appropriate proportion is good nutrition.On the other hand, bad nutrition is eating too much or too little. Epidemiology This problem is a cosmopolitan problem with a global distribution. Because of the affluence and wealth of developed countries, the challenge is that of consuming too much food. Most people patronize eateries and fast food centers to eat burgers and similar food stuff which do not contain all the classes of food in the right proportion. This leads to an increasing trend in the incidence of eating disorders such as anorexia and obesity with their concomitant psychological and physical ailments.This underscores the fact that bad nutrition is not restricted to any region of the world as it affects all. In view of this, bad nutrition is even a worse problem in less developed and developing nations where food is not readily available. Bad leadership constitutes the top factor here; it promotes corruption and misappropriation of public funds. Money allocated to provision of food is diverted to public pockets and who suffers for this? The citizens of course. They are left with no other option that to manage and service on the little meal they can provide for their family from subsistence farming.Wars and political instability in these nations also constitutes plaques that consume the land, productive forces and will that could have been useful in agriculture. Poverty and illiteracy form inseparable twins that perpetuate their bad nutrition. Besides, bad Nutrition plagues a large number of people in America. It is profound to note that quite a number of people in this country do not know what constitutes good nutrition; they only eat! The combinations of food they consume do not enrich the body with essential nutrients in a way.The age of fast foods, snacks and McDonald burgers have made life apparently ‘easy’ but this ease gradually paves the way for the accompanying effects of bad nutrition. Besides the fact many are not aware of good nutrition, those who know do not actually vigorously encourage its practice. The health education in this aspect of our lives is not sufficient. As a result, the problem persists. Unhealthy Nutrition Unhealthy foods are usually very easy to distinguish from healthy meals. The quantity is either insufficient or excessive. Bad food can be described as anything that produces an excess of nutrients or a shortage.The quality of meal also matters. When we eat the same type of food for a long period, it Is very likely that bad nutrition is in practice because some peculiar nutrients may be absent from what we eat. Food with large amount of fats and oil are not healthy; they are toxic to the blood vessels and promote obesity. Foods wit h copious amounts of carbohydrates, fast food, and sweets need to be avoid or eaten in small amounts. People respond to nutrition and the pressures of society in different ways. Food cannot be divorced from prevailing environmental conditions and social circumstances.While some people are able to adapt properly, others do not. Sometimes, social pressures force people to change their dietary habits especially when they see eating as an escape route from their life’s challenges. Such people end up becoming obese and with poor self-image. Apart from obesity, there are other eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, psychogenic vomiting and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Eating disorders Anorexia is a mental disorder causing the person to uncontrollably lose weight by refusing food. It is common among school girls and female university students.Its prevalence is more in the upper social class than the lower class, and more a problem in the developed nations. F actors that usually promote this include personality traits that drive the individual to look pleasant and fashionable; social belief that thinness is attractive among young ladies. Psychological basis for this disorder is more important: a struggle for control and a sense of identity lead affected individuals to relentlessly pursue thinness by eating too little. As a result, they are thin and weigh less than the standard for age and gender.There could also be other symptoms like depressed mood, social withdrawal and lack of sexual interest. To maintain this shape, they induce vomiting and engage in excessive exercise. On the other hand, Bulimia refers to episodes of uncontrolled excessive eating. The central features here include an irresistible urge to overeat and accompanying extreme measures to control body weight. There is also an overvalued idea concerning self-image and body shape. It is often confused with anorexia because both can occur at the same time. Episodes are usuall y preceded by stress and breaking of self-imposed dietary rules.Overeating relives tension but is soon followed by guilt and disgust. Subsequently the individual induced vomiting. In many cases, there are symptoms of depression but menstrual abnormalities are absent. Obesity constitutes an important disorder: it is a medical condition characterized by excess body fat. When the body mass index is greater than 30kg/square meters, the diagnosis of obesity can be made. At least, 20% of adults in the States will meet this criterion, as the case is in UK. It tends to be aggravated by environmental and social influence that encourage overeating of high calorie foods and lack of exercise.The psychological aspect is not significant, as the case is in anorexia and bulimia. Hazards of bad nutrition Certainly numerous problems can occur because of improper dietary habits. Some of these can be psychological as it is in cases of anorexia and bulimia. This will necessitate mental state and psychia try assessment. These conditions usually also present with disturbances of mood especially depression. They usually require behavior and cognitive therapies because of the devastating effects of the eating disorder may have on the individual.Obesity is closely related to diabetes mellitus as both conditions promote insulin resistance and a state of increased glucose level in the blood. The pancreas is therefore overworked and later ceases to produce insulin. Diabetes is a chronic debilitating disease that affects every organ of the body; it usually presents with neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy as a result of micro vascular disturbance caused by the abnormally elevated plasma glucose level. Patients are predisposed to infections, ulcers and immunosuppression.Bad nutrition also adversely affects the heart and blood vessels. Excessive consumption of foods with fats and oil can cause an elevated level of cholesterol. This leads to formation of atheromatous plaques that thicken a nd block blood vessels. Heart disease occurs when arteries near the heart are blocked by cholesterol. There is also increased level of bad cholesterol in form of low density lipoproteins LDL but an expected reduction in the level of good cholesterol in the form of high density lipoproteins HDL. This is closely related to the onset of high blood pressure-hypertensive diseases.Aggressive health education on what constitutes is a primary prevention strategy. Legislation to stop/reduce sale of ‘bad’ food can also help. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders and the sequelae of bad nutrition is equally important. Reference ? Frances Sizer and Eleanor Whitney. Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies. Thomson and Wadswoth Publishing House. Ninth Edition. ? Good Nutrition. www. revolutionhealth. com/healthy-living/food-nutrition/food-basics/facts ? Breaking Bad Nutrition Habits. www. eating-healthy. org/breaking-your-bad-nutrition-habits

Separation Anxiety And Its Effects On Children - 1410 Words

Separation anxiety is very common as children grow and develop. They may fear those few moments during daycare drop-off or that initial first meeting with a new babysitter. These children will often times grow out of this anxiety after they become familiar with their surroundings and caregivers. But, if they continue having these separation anxiety induced outbursts, even after they have been with a trusted caregiver for a time, parents and primary caregivers often worry about the well-being of their child and their child’s development. They may believe that their child has acquired a Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD). I selected this topic because I work with multiple toddlers in a center and their parents have expressed some minor worry towards whether or not their child suffers with SAD or if this anxiety is causing them delays. I would love to be able to know some minor details about this broad topic and refer them to the website and articles that I found helpful when writ ing this report. This topic is important because it is has many symptoms that are similar to regular and developmentally appropriate separation anxiety. When a child suffers from SAD, it is something that needs attention by a pediatric professional in order for it not to affect the child later in life. The first article that I read and reviewed was called â€Å"Adult Agoraphobia and Childhood Separation Anxiety: Using Children s Literature to Understand the Link†. It was a fairly theoretical and made theShow MoreRelatedSeparation Anxiety And Its Effects On Children1560 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of separation anxiety, a developmental phase that most children go through during their early years. 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Many bystanders perceive that young children with bad behavior want attention from whoever is around. In most cases this is true, but sometimes there is an underlying root to this behavior. In order to handle an outraged child, one must consider why he/she is like this. Three of the reasons why a child could be acting out are separation anxiety, the size of the child’s family and birth order, and disorders. Separation anxiety is defined as the troubledRead MoreTreatment Of Anxiety Among Children And Adolescents1220 Words   |  5 PagesTreatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Mental health is becoming more prevalent in todays society as many social groups are working to raise awareness for it. However, while this is the case, sometimes children and adolescents that face the same challenges are forgotten about. I chose to research the topic of anxiety because it is personally something I have suffered from since childhood. When we read the chapter for class on anxiety, it was very hard for me. No one recognized the anxiety I hadRead MoreSeparation And Divorce : Common Phenomena1429 Words   |  6 PagesSeparation and divorce are common phenomena in the community today, but still represent one of the major life stressor for most individuals involved, with a strong negative consequences for the physical and mental health of all members within the family. When parents separate from their children, the children experience the loss or reduction of their family unit and the security that comes with it. Separation can destabilize the inclination that the globe or the world is safe and predictable. ForRead MoreThe Quality Of The Two Programs For An Evaluation938 Words   |  4 Pagesresearched in this assignment are Children’s Anxiety Treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (individual and family modality), and Adult Opiate Abuse Treatment with buprenorphine and naltrexone. These studies have shown the effects of different treatments which involves buprenorphine and naltrexone formulations for relapse prevention and detoxified opioid addicts. Research on cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety is suggested to be based on sound theoreticalRead MoreTemperament721 Words   |  3 Pageseasier over time ***other infants don’t fit into these categories*** * Temperament is moderately stable through infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Stability of Temperament * Fearful preschoolers tend to be more inhibited as older children and adolescents * Inhibited more likely to be introverted adults Temperament and other aspects of development Various aspects of temperament related to: * School success * Peer interactions * Compliance with parents * Depression